Sentencing Snapshot no. 290 describes sentencing outcomes for the offence of intentionally causing injury in the County and Supreme Courts of Victoria from 2018-19 to 2022-23.
This is the most recent Snapshot for this offence.
You can access case summaries for intentionally causing injury from the Judicial College of Victoria’s Sentencing Manual Case Summaries.
You can also access statistics for intentionally causing injury on SACStat.
Authored and published by the Sentencing Advisory Council
© State of Victoria, Sentencing Advisory Council, 2024
Snapshot 290: Intentionally Causing Injury
Introduction
This Sentencing Snapshot describes sentencing outcomes[1] for the offence of intentionally causing injury in the County and Supreme Courts of Victoria (the higher courts) from 2018-19 to 2022-23.[2] Adjustments made by the Court of Appeal to sentence or conviction as at June 2023 have been incorporated into the data in this Snapshot.
Detailed data on intentionally causing injury and other offences is also available on SACStat.
A person who intentionally causes injury to another person without lawful excuse is guilty of this offence. Intentionally causing injury is an indictable offence that carries a maximum penalty of 10 years' imprisonment and/or a fine of 1,200 penalty units.[3] It can be tried summarily in the Magistrates' Court if certain criteria are met.[4]
If the offence was committed on or after 28 October 2018 and the victim was on duty as an emergency worker, custodial officer or youth justice worker, it is a category 1 offence, meaning courts must almost always impose a custodial sentence.[5]
This Snapshot focuses on cases where intentionally causing injury was the principal offence, that is, cases where intentionally causing injury was the offence that received the most severe sentence.[6]
Intentionally causing injury was the principal offence in 4.2% of cases sentenced in the higher courts between 2018-19 and 2022-23.
Effect of COVID-19 on sentencing data
The data in this Snapshot is likely to have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic particularly in the 2020-21 and 2021-22 financial years. For instance:
- the number of people sentenced in the period after March 2020 may be lower than in other years because the pandemic caused delays in court proceedings
- court backlogs may have led to prioritisation of more serious cases in that period and therefore higher imprisonment rates than in other years
- prison sentences may be shorter during that period than in other years to reflect the combined effect of:
- guilty pleas having an 'augmented mitigatory effect' (Worboyes v The Queen [2021] VSCA 169) because they help to relieve the strain on the justice system and
- the experience of prison being more burdensome due to increased stress on prisoners and their families and changes in custodial conditions.
People sentenced
From 2018-19 to 2022-23, 367 people were sentenced in the higher courts for a principal offence of intentionally causing injury.
Figure 1 shows the number of people sentenced for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury by financial year. There were 84 people sentenced for this offence in 2022-23, down from 88 in the previous year. The number of people sentenced was highest in 2021-22 (88 people) and lowest in 2020-21 (55 people).
There were also 3 people who received a custodial supervision order, 7 people who received a non-custodial supervision order, and 2 people who were released unconditionally for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury during the five-year period. They are not included elsewhere in this Snapshot.[7]
Figure 1: The number of people sentenced for intentionally causing injury, by financial year
| Financial Year | Number |
|---|---|
| 2018-19 | 75 |
| 2019-20 | 65 |
| 2020-21 | 55 |
| 2021-22 | 88 |
| 2022-23 | 84 |
| Total | 367 |
Sentence types and trends
Figure 2 shows the proportion of people who received an immediate custodial sentence or non-custodial sentence for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury. An immediate custodial sentence involves at least some element of immediate imprisonment or detention.[8] The rate of immediate custodial sentences was lowest in 2019-20 (75.4%) and highest in 2022-23 (85.7%). Over the five-year period, 80.4% of people were given an immediate custodial sentence.
Figure 2: The percentage of people who received an immediate custodial sentence or non-custodial sentence for intentionally causing injury, by financial year
| Financial Year | Immediate custodial sentence | Non-custodial sentence |
|---|---|---|
| 2018-19 | 80.0% | 20.0% |
| 2019-20 | 75.4% | 24.6% |
| 2020-21 | 78.2% | 21.8% |
| 2021-22 | 80.7% | 19.3% |
| 2022-23 | 85.7% | 14.3% |
Table 1 shows the principal sentence types imposed for intentionally causing injury from 2018-19 to 2022-23. The principal sentence is the most serious sentence imposed for the charge that is the principal offence.[9]
Over the five-year period, most people sentenced for intentionally causing injury received a principal sentence of imprisonment (79.3% or 291 of 367 people). The remaining people received a community correction order (17.7% or 65 people), a youth justice centre order (1.1% or 4 people), a fine (1.1% or 4 people)[10] and an adjourned undertaking (0.8% or 3 people).[11]
Table 1: The number and percentage of people sentenced for intentionally causing injury, by principal sentence type and financial year
| Sentence type | 2018-19 | 2019-20 | 2020-21 | 2021-22 | 2022-23 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imprisonment | 58 (77.3%) | 48 (73.8%) | 43 (78.2%) | 71 (80.7%) | 71 (84.5%) | 291 (79.3%) |
| Community correction order | 13 (17.3%) | 16 (24.6%) | 11 (20.0%) | 16 (18.2%) | 9 (10.7%) | 65 (17.7%) |
| Youth justice centre order | 2 (2.7%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 4 (1.1%) |
| Fine | 1 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.8%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.2%) | 4 (1.1%) |
| Adjourned undertaking | 1 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.4%) | 3 (0.8%) |
| Total | 75 | 65 | 55 | 88 | 84 | 367 |
Principal and total effective sentences of imprisonment
The following sections analyse the use of imprisonment for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury from 2018-19 to 2022-23.
The principal sentence describes the sentences for the offence at a charge level.
The total effective sentence is the sentence imposed for all charges in a case and applies at a case level. Where a case involves multiple charges, the total effective sentence will be either the same as or longer than the principal sentence.
Principal sentences of imprisonment
There were 291 principal sentences of imprisonment for intentionally causing injury. Table 2 shows that 212 (72.9%) were non-aggregate imprisonment terms, and 79 were aggregate imprisonment terms.[12] There were 127 people who received a community correction order in addition to their imprisonment term.
Table 2: The number and percentage of people sentenced to imprisonment for intentionally causing injury by sentence type and financial year
| Imprisonment type | 2018-19 | 2019-20 | 2020-21 | 2021-22 | 2022-23 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imprisonment | 33 (76.7%) | 26 (81.3%) | 26 (89.7%) | 39 (75.0%) | 39 (69.6%) | 163 (76.9%) |
| Imprisonment and community correction order | 10 (23.3%) | 6 (18.8%) | 3 (10.3%) | 13 (25.0%) | 17 (30.4%) | 49 (23.1%) |
| Total non-aggregate imprisonment | 43 (74.1%) | 32 (66.7%) | 29 (67.4%) | 52 (73.2%) | 56 (78.9%) | 212 (72.9%) |
| Aggregate imprisonment | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (6.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.3%) |
| Aggregate imprisonment and community correction order | 15 (100.0%) | 15 (93.8%) | 14 (100.0%) | 19 (100.0%) | 15 (100.0%) | 78 (98.7%) |
| Total aggregate imprisonment | 15 (25.9%) | 16 (33.3%) | 14 (32.6%) | 19 (26.8%) | 15 (21.1%) | 79 (27.1%) |
| Total people sentenced to imprisonment | 58 | 48 | 43 | 71 | 71 | 291 |
Figure 3 shows the imprisonment lengths for the 212 non-aggregate imprisonment terms for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury. Imprisonment lengths ranged from 27 days to 5 years and 11 months,[13] while the median imprisonment length was 1 year and 9 months.
The most common range of imprisonment lengths was 1 to less than 2 years (59 principal sentences).
Figure 3: The number of principal sentences of imprisonment for intentionally causing injury, by range of imprisonment lengths, 2018-19 to 2022-23
| Imprisonment length | Number |
|---|---|
| Less than 1 year | 52 |
| 1 to less than 2 years | 59 |
| 2 to less than 3 years | 39 |
| 3 to less than 4 years | 32 |
| 4 to less than 5 years | 17 |
| 5 to less than 6 years | 13 |
| Total | 212 |
Figure 4 shows the average length of the 212 non-aggregate imprisonment terms for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury each financial year. The average imprisonment length decreased from 2 years and 5 months in 2018-19 to 1 year and 7 months in 2022-23. Over the five-year period, the average imprisonment length for intentionally causing injury was 2 years.
Figure 4: The average imprisonment length imposed for intentionally causing injury, by financial year
| Financial year | Number of people | Average imprisonment length |
|---|---|---|
| 2018-19 | 43 | 2 years and 5 months |
| 2019-20 | 32 | 2 years and 0 months |
| 2020-21 | 29 | 2 years and 6 months |
| 2021-22 | 52 | 1 year and 9 months |
| 2022-23 | 56 | 1 year and 7 months |
Total effective sentences of imprisonment
Figure 5 shows the lengths of total effective sentences of imprisonment in cases where intentionally causing injury was the principal offence. Total effective sentences ranged from 12 days[14] to 8 years and 6 months,[15] while the median total effective sentence was 1 year and 6 months.
The most common range of total effective sentences was less than 1 year (86 cases).
Figure 5: The number of people sentenced to imprisonment for intentionally causing injury, by range of total effective sentences, 2018-19 to 2022-23
| Total effective sentence length | Number |
|---|---|
| Less than 1 year | 86 |
| 1 to less than 2 years | 73 |
| 2 to less than 3 years | 37 |
| 3 to less than 4 years | 38 |
| 4 to less than 5 years | 22 |
| 5 to less than 6 years | 18 |
| 6 to less than 7 years | 9 |
| 7 to less than 8 years | 4 |
| 8 to less than 9 years | 4 |
| Total | 291 |
Non-parole periods
If a person is sentenced to an imprisonment term of less than 1 year, the court cannot impose a non-parole period. For imprisonment terms between 1 year and less than 2 years, the court has the discretion to fix a non-parole period. For imprisonment terms of 2 years or more, the court must impose a non-parole period in most circumstances. If the court fixes a non-parole period, the person must serve that period before becoming eligible for parole. If the court does not set a non-parole period, the person must serve the entirety of their imprisonment term in custody.
Of the 291 people who were sentenced to imprisonment for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury, 205 were eligible to have a non-parole period fixed.[16] Of these people, 140 were given a non-parole period (68.3%).[17] It was not possible to determine the non-parole period for 4 people.[18]
Figure 6 shows the lengths of non-parole periods for people sentenced to imprisonment for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury. Non-parole periods ranged from 4 months to 6 years, while the median non-parole period was 2 years.
The most common range of non-parole periods was 2 to less than 3 years (47 cases).
Figure 6: The number of people sentenced to imprisonment for intentionally causing injury, by range of non-parole periods, 2018-19 to 2022-23
| Non-parole period | Number |
|---|---|
| Less than 1 year | 9 |
| 1 to less than 2 years | 43 |
| 2 to less than 3 years | 47 |
| 3 to less than 4 years | 18 |
| 4 to less than 5 years | 14 |
| 5 to less than 6 years | 3 |
| 6 to less than 7 years | 2 |
| Undetermined | 4 |
| No non-parole period | 151 |
| Total | 291 |
Average total effective sentences of imprisonment and non-parole periods
Figure 7 represents the average total effective sentences and average non-parole periods each year for the 136 people who were sentenced to imprisonment for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury and who received a non-parole period that could be determined.
The average total effective sentence decreased from 4 years and 3 months in 2018-19 to 3 years and 2 months in 2022-23. Over the same period, the average non-parole period decreased from 2 years and 7 months in 2018-19 to 2 years in 2022-23.
Figure 7: The average total effective sentence and non-parole period for people sentenced to imprisonment with a non-parole period for intentionally causing injury, by financial year
| Financial year | Number | Average total effective sentence | Average non-parole period |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-19 | 33 | 4 years and 3 months | 2 years and 7 months |
| 2019-20 | 26 | 3 years and 8 months | 2 years and 2 months |
| 2020-21 | 24 | 3 years and 12 months | 2 years and 4 months |
| 2021-22 | 26 | 3 years and 9 months | 2 years and 5 months |
| 2022-23 | 27 | 3 years and 2 months | 2 years and 2 months |
Other offences finalised at the same hearing
Sometimes people prosecuted for intentionally causing injury face multiple charges, which are finalised at the same hearing. This section looks at the range of offences that offenders were sentenced for alongside the principal offence of intentionally causing injury.
Figure 8 shows the number of people sentenced for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury by the total number of sentenced offences per person. The number of sentenced offences per person ranged from 1 to 26, and the median was 3 offences. There were 62 people (16.9%) sentenced for the single offence of intentionally causing injury. The average number of offences per person was 3.7.
Figure 8: The number of people sentenced for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury, by the number of sentenced offences per person, 2018-19 to 2022-23
| Number of offences | Number |
|---|---|
| 1 | 62 |
| 2 | 103 |
| 3 | 61 |
| 4 | 49 |
| 5-9 | 78 |
| 10-19 | 12 |
| 20+ | 2 |
| Total | 367 |
Table 3 shows the 10 most common offences co-sentenced alongside intentionally causing injury. The last column sets out the average number of offences sentenced per person. For example, 64 of the total 367 people (17.4%) were also sentenced for aggravated burglary. On average, those 64 people were sentenced for 1.0 charges of aggravated burglary per case.
Table 3: The number and percentage of people sentenced for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury, by the most common offences that were sentenced alongside intentionally causing injury, 2018-19 to 2022-23
| Offence | Number of cases | Percentage of cases | Average number of proven offences per case |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intentionally causing injury | 367 | 100.0% | 1.1 |
| Commit an indictable offence while on bail | 71 | 19.3% | 1.1 |
| Aggravated burglary | 64 | 17.4% | 1.0 |
| Common law assault | 43 | 11.7% | 1.8 |
| Intentionally destroy or damage property | 40 | 10.9% | 1.3 |
| Theft | 36 | 9.8% | 1.4 |
| False imprisonment | 33 | 9.0% | 1.2 |
| Possess a drug of dependence | 29 | 7.9% | 1.3 |
| Make threat to kill | 28 | 7.6% | 1.4 |
| Recklessly causing injury | 22 | 6.0% | 1.3 |
| Total | 367 | 100.0% | 3.7 |
Summary
From 2018-19 to 2022-23, 367 people were sentenced in the higher courts for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury. Of those 367 people, 291 (79.3%) received a principal sentence of imprisonment.
Total effective sentences of imprisonment ranged from 12 days to 8 years and 6 months, and non-parole periods ranged from 4 months to 6 years. The median total effective sentence was 1 year and 6 months, while the median non-parole period was 2 years.
On average, people sentenced for the principal offence of intentionally causing injury were sentenced for 3.7 offences each, with a maximum of 26 offences.
Further data on intentionally causing injury is available on SACStat
Endnotes
1. This Sentencing Snapshot is an update of Sentencing Snapshot no. 265, which describes sentencing trends for intentionally causing injury between 2016 17 and 2020-21.
2. Data on first-instance sentencing outcomes presented in this Snapshot was obtained from the Strategic Analysis and Review Team at Court Services Victoria. Data on appeal outcomes was collected by the Sentencing Advisory Council from the Australasian Legal Information Institute and was also provided by the Victorian Court of Appeal. The Sentencing Advisory Council regularly undertakes extensive quality control measures for current and historical data. While every effort is made to ensure that the data analysed in this Snapshot is accurate, the data is subject to revision.
3. Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) s 18. The value of a penalty unit changes each year and can be found on the Council's website.
4. Criminal Procedure Act 2009 (Vic) s 28(1)(b)(ii), sch 2 cl 4.1A.
5. Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic) ss 3(ca) (definition of category 1 offence), 5(2G). If the court finds that a special reason exists under section 10A, the court may alternatively impose a mandatory treatment and monitoring order: Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic) s 5(2GA).
6. If a person is sentenced for a case with a single charge, that offence is the principal offence. If a person is sentenced for more than one charge in a single case, the principal offence is the offence that attracted the most serious sentence according to the sentencing hierarchy.
7. Custodial and non-custodial supervision orders are not sentencing orders as they are imposed in cases in which the accused is found unfit to stand trial or not guilty because of mental impairment. However, they are mentioned in this Snapshot as they are an important form of disposition of criminal charges.
8. Immediate custodial sentences are mostly imprisonment, but they can also include partially suspended sentences, youth justice centre orders, hospital security orders, residential treatment orders, and combined custody and treatment orders.
9. For example, if the principal offence receives a combined order of imprisonment and a community correction order pursuant to section 44 of the Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic), imprisonment is recorded as the principal sentence.
10. DPP v Sidiqi & Ors [2020] VCC 1942; DPP v Brown-Nash [2022] VCC 1745.
11. DPP v Asmanis [2019] VCC 196; DPP v Hayes & Anor [2022] VCC 1607.
12. A court may impose an aggregate sentence of imprisonment on multiple charges sentenced at the same time. These sentences are a single imprisonment term, but the sentences imposed on individual charges are not specified. A case may include a combination of aggregate and non-aggregate sentences.
13. DPP v Rivera [2018] VCC 1318.
14. DPP v Bibby & Anor [2023] VCC 129.
15. R v Harvey [2020] VSC 496.
16. 86 people were not eligible to have a non-parole period fixed because they were given a total effective sentence of less than 1 year.
17. 65 people were eligible to have a non-parole period fixed but did not receive one. This included 59 people who had an imprisonment length between 1 year and less than 2 years, and 6 people who had an imprisonment length of 2 years or more.
18. 4 people were given a non-parole period that related to more than 1 case (for example, they may have already been serving a prison sentence at the time). It was not possible to separately determine the non-parole periods that related to each individual case.
